Raspberry Pi Pico
Piano HAT
The Piano HAT is a Raspberry Pi accessory made by Pimoroni. It uses two CAP1188 capacitive touch sensors for a total of 16 capacitive touchpads. A full octave of touchpads is laid out as a piano keyboard. There are LEDs which light up as you touch each input. It has to be one of the nicest looking PCBs you have ever seen.
Here is a photograph of it setup with a buzzer. I am using a Waveshare Pico accessory which has a Raspberry Pi style GPIO connector,
My connections are GP2 and GP3 to pins 2 and 3 on the pHAT. You also need to connect to the 5V, 3V3 and GND pins of the pHAT. You can see a diagram showing the pHAT pins at Gadgetoid's superb Pinout site,https://pinout.xyz/pinout/piano_hat.
This is the library that you need to save to the Pico as piano.py. The CAP1188 class could be used with another board based on the chip.
class cap1188: def __init__(self, ADDR, i2c): self.ADDRESS = ADDR self.i2c = i2c for i in range(8): self.i2c.writeto_mem(self.ADDRESS, 0x30 + i, b'\x06') self.i2c.writeto_mem(self.ADDRESS, 0x72, b'\xff') self.i2c.writeto_mem(self.ADDRESS, 0x1f, b'\x60') self.i2c.writeto_mem(self.ADDRESS, 0x20, b'\x38') self.i2c.writeto_mem(self.ADDRESS, 0x44, b'\x60') def read(self): self.i2c.writeto_mem(self.ADDRESS, 0, b'\x00') data = self.i2c.readfrom_mem(self.ADDRESS, 0x03, 1) return data[0] class piano_hat(): def __init__(self, i2c): self.a = cap1188(0x28, i2c) self.b = cap1188(0x2b, i2c) def read(self): x = self.a.read() y = self.b.read() if x>0: y = 0 data = list(reversed([x >> i & 1 for i in range(7,-1,-1)])) data += list(reversed([y >> i & 1 for i in range(7,-1,-1)])) return data
Here was some test code that I used to check my connections and library,
from machine import Pin, I2C from piano import piano_hat from time import sleep i2c = I2C(1,sda=Pin(2), scl = Pin(3)) p = piano_hat(i2c) while True: reading = p.read() if sum(reading)>0: print(reading) sleep(0.1)
Finally, with a buzzer added to the circuit and wrote some code to make a piano that is playable, after a fashion.
from machine import Pin, I2C, PWM from piano import piano_hat from time import sleep # define the pin to use for buzzing buzzer = PWM(Pin(15)) # the duty cycle to use when the note is on volume = 2512 # frequency - plays until stopped def note_on(frequency): buzzer.duty_u16(volume) buzzer.freq(frequency) # stop the noise def note_off(): buzzer.duty_u16(0) i2c = I2C(1,sda=Pin(2), scl = Pin(3)) p = piano_hat(i2c) notes = [523,554,587,622,659,698,740,784, 831,880,932,988,1047] last = -1 while True: reading = p.read() a = reading[0:13] n = -1 if sum(a)>0: n = a.index(1) if n!=last: note_on(notes[n]) else: note_off() last = n